Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors Part I: Getting Started: The "Science" of Leading Discussions 1. The Fundamentals of Facilitating Why Have Student Centered Discussions? Essential Ingredients of a Student-Centered, Text-based Discussion, aka "Seminar" The Architecture of a Discussion Frequently Asked Questions and Tips for Beginners Tips for Beginners References PART II: Becoming a Skillful Facilitator: The "Art and Magic" of Leading Discussions 2. Safety Recognizing Safety Issues Tone of the Discussion Atmosphere of Safety and Respect Creating a Culture of Inquiry The Danger of Sarcasm Feedback During Seminar A Climate of Respect 3. Authentic Participation Recognizing Authentic Participation Issues Attention-Seeking Participation Text-Focused Participation Reflective Activity Assessing Pauses in Conversation Facilitator is Not the Focus 4. Challenge Recognizing Challenge Issues Assessing Understanding Off-Topic Conversation Repetitive Ideas and Statements Idea-Hopping Challenging Ideas 5. Ownership Recognizing Ownership Issues Avoiding Anarchy Facilitator Releasing Control Student-Driven Discussions 6. The Seminar Decision-Making Model Steps of the Decision-Making Process Identifying the Issue Identifying Possible Causes Match to Primary Fulcrum Identifying and Applying Possible Strategies Determine Effectiveness of Strategy and Next Steps PART III: Improving Student-Centered Discussions 7. Strategies for Ongoing Improvement Across All the Fulcrums Reflection Seminar Mapping Teaching the Fulcrums to Students Fishbowl Seminar Folders Videotape Assessment Peer Planning Peer Coaching Case Study 8. Strategies for Improving Specific Fulcrums Safety Seminar Ground Rules Assigned Seats Yellow Card, Red Card Ejection Time-out Write Before You Talk Role Play Stop and Try Again Building Safety Outside Seminar Role Play Have Seminars More Frequently Ask The Students Authentic Participation Heads-Up Question Pair-Share Round Robin Inviting Quiet People to Speak Reflective Writing Follow-up Writing Positive Reinforcement Connections Question Again Pair Share/Write During Seminar Silence Map Connections Challenge Where in the Text? Ask Follow-Up Questions Paraphrase and Probe Pair-Share/Write during Seminar Pre-Seminar Choosing a Different Type of Text Good Questions Ownership Relinquish the Reins Self-assessment Wait Time Favorite Text Phenomenon Eye Contact Don't Be Afraid-Drive Turn-Taking Look Around the Circle Resource A - Training Guides Using the Fulcrums for Professional Development Working with Groups of Teachers New Facilitators Experienced Facilitators Working on Your Own/Working with Individual Teachers Individual Teachers Resource B - Reproducibles Index
Facilitate dynamic classroom discussions that motivate students and deepen their understanding! "There are two reasons why this book is so important now. The first is the vitality of the subject: true classroom dialogue may be our only hope for helping students become thoughtful citizens. The second is that the authors practice what they preach. They assume from the first page that teachers are thoughtful professionals capable of making the subtle decisions discussed. The result is a book that should lie open on the desk of any teacher who is truly interested in teaching students to think." -Terry Roberts, Director National Paideia Center "I loved the case stories of classroom discussions that illustrated the authors' points." -Kimberly C. Smith, Advanced Math Teacher/Math Department Chair Welborn Middle School, High Point, NC "Practical and beneficial to teaching and learning in today's world." -Sylvia Jackson, Principal Adolfo Camarillo High School, CA Engage and enlighten students by skillfully guiding them through thought-provoking classroom discussions using these straightforward strategies. Aligned with the principles of Paideia and Socratic seminars, and packed with real-life examples, this teacher-friendly resource highlights the fundamentals of planning for text-based discourse, the four key factors that shape the teacher's decision-making during discussions, and tips for problem-solving and fine-tuning facilitation skills.
Michael S. Hale has served as a teacher, principal, professional developer, professor, university administrator, and educational software executive. His passion for student inquiry has resulted in many years of experience with participant-centered discussions in a wide variety of settings. A National Paideia Faculty member, he has worked with many teachers and students to develop the knowledge and skills to engage in idea- and text-based conversations. He currently spends most of his days as Vice President for Curriculum Consulting with VitalSource Technologies in Raleigh, NC, where he works with educators to transform didactic materials into more interactive digital formats. His formal education includes a B.A. in Philosophy from Auburn University and a M.A. and Ph.D in Curriculum and Instruction from the University of North Carolina. Elizabeth A. City has served as a teacher, principal, and instructional coach, primarily in North Carolina and Massachusetts. In addition to enjoying countless student-centered discussions in her own classroom, as a National Paideia Faculty member, she has worked with teachers and students across the country as they have learned to facilitate and participate in text-based conversations. Much of Liz's current work centers on supporting principals and teachers in creating collaborative communities where rich dialogue and learning for both adults and children is the norm. She is a member of the Senior Faculty of Boston's School Leadership Institute, where she teaches courses in using data, learning and teaching, and professional development to Boston Public School Principal Fellows. She is currently working on her doctorate at the Harvard Graduate School of Education.